python import导入问题_python 3模块导入(import) 2022.8.6b

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这段时间在学习python , 关于python import 调用包，模块，类，函数 方面有点模糊，搜了一些资料，转来学习一下，也供以后参考。。。

众所周知，python既可以导入包(import package)，也可以导入模块(import module)，package一般理解为多文件的模块，它是这样定义的，如果一个目录下存在”init.py”这个文件，那么python就认为这个目录下的所有文件同属于一个package(这和java的namespace有点像，但是java可不需要这么个特殊文件)，如果没有这个文件，那么python认为目录下的py文件都是不相干的独立模块。但是在子目录中你可不能这么干，如果子目录中没有”init.py”，那么该目录下的程序算是白写了，根本没有办法引用。当然，也不是绝对的，除非绕个大弯儿：设置当前目录，然后导入，然后重设当前目录。比如，程序需要使用test目录中的模块，而test目录不是package，你只能这样做：

1: os.chdir(“test”)

2: import testfuncs

3: os.chdir(“..”)

最方便的引入，当然是同一个目录的模块(除了及其简单的程序，很少有人会使用这种扁平的目录结构)，那是想怎么导入就怎么导入。比如在主程序中想要使用另一个文件模块中的函数，只需要直接导入即可：

1: import testfuncs #直接导入模块(也就是不带扩展名的文件名)

2:

3: testfuncs.nousefunc() #通过模块的名字引用其中的函数

4: from testfuncs import nousefunc #导入模块中的函数

5: nousefunc() #直接调用导入的函数

上面只是最简单的情况，如果文件中定义的是class怎么样呢，实际使用也是差不多的，不过要多一次构造class的实例的调用:

1: import testclass #直接导入模块(也就是不带扩展名的文件名)

2: obj=testclass.TestClass(); #实例化类

3: obj.func1() #通过模块的名字引用其中的class,然后才到类的函数,注意类要实例化

4: from testclass import TestClass #导入模块中的类

5: obj=TestClass(); #实例化类

6: obj.func1() #调用函数

如果都是这种从程序中引入同目录或者子目录的包，那么事情就简单了，但是如果是同为子目录中的模块，要引入兄弟目录中的模块或类，要怎么办呢？例如，如下的目录结构：

图中src目录就是程序的顶层目录，也是包导入的顶层package，pub目录及其子目录是公用程序所在。在这种情况下，最好的方法就是在主程序中(一般位于应用的源程序的根目录,如图中的start.py)，把所有下级的目录都缴入的sys.path中，然后在子目录中的模块中，只要使用完全限定的包名引入其他子目录中的模块或者类就可以了。然而现实的情况往往不那么尽如人意，比如为公用包写的测试程序需要放在pub/test目录下，测试目标在pub/data目录下，这是不能寄希望与应用的主程序了，因为此时不会去运行应用程序。这种情况下，启动程序和被引用的包同在一个父目录的子目录中。此时该怎么办呢，还是老办法，要把父目录(src/pub)和(src/pub/data、src/pub/test)目录都要加入sys.path中，然后再用

绝对的方式进行引入(import pub.data.datautil / from pub.data.datautil import DataUtil)。每一个需要的模块都要这么干，因此，我特地写了一个函数，来自动的处理这种情况:

import os,sys

import TestClass

import testfuncs;

from TestClass import TestClass;

def _prepareRelativeImport(layer=2):

“”” 为相对引用做准备，以便下层目录中的模块，相对引用[本目录]以及[父目录]和[兄弟目录]中的模块。

参数layer,表示引入到多少层父目录。默认为2->引入本目录和父目录；3->引入本目录、父目录和祖父目录。

“””

import sys,os;

curP=os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(file)); oriP=curP;package=curP.rpartition(os.path.sep)[2];

print(‘\r\ncurdir=’,curP);

while layer>=0:

layer-=1;

if not curP in sys.path:sys.path.append(curP);

pa=curP.rpartition(os.path.sep);curN=pa[2];pp=pa[0];os.chdir(pp);

if ‘init‘ in ”.join(os.listdir(curP)):import(curN);

curP=pp;

os.chdir(oriP);

if name==’main‘:

if not ‘file‘ in dir():file=os.path.abspath(‘.’)+os.path.sep+”1.py”;

_prepareRelativeImport(2)

from TestClass import TestClass;

from pub.test.TestClass import TestClass;

from pub.data.CompareOperator import CompareOperators

print(‘\r\nTest of RelativeImport done!’)

总结，这么做之后解决了对于测试单个功能或模块的导入问题，但是在从应用的顶层目录中运行程序时，还是只能使用Python 3的”from .”来做相对导入，这还真是纠结。

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